Der menschliche Körper im Zeitalter des Cyberspace
Ein Merkmal der postmodernen Philosophy is the assertion that the body or even disappear the senses.
Baudrillard, for example, in "The Illusion and the virtual world" written on how our bodies in times of "media Reproduction" is changing, though not completely disappear. In the course of such investigations and has been called into question the reality of our physical existence or be weighed against their virtual images. So wrote the philosopher Slavoj Zizek: "We live in a society of coffee without caffeine, chocolate, no sugar and virtual reality as a reality without reality" (here: Hasselmann / Schmidt / Zumbasch (ed.) 2004: 131 cited from Broadcasting House calls (WDR5) with Oskar Negt and Slavoj Zizek of 20.09.2001).
As part of this and similar discourses and the changes of the body through genetic, prosthetic and negotiates / or biotechnology. carried to extremes, they are by the idea of the purely virtual humans as in the research of robotics (such as Hans Moravec) or other post-humanist scenarios. Moravec even spoke of a ">> liberation <<>> carnal envelope <<“ (Ebd. Zit nach Moravec: „Körper, Roboter, Geist“ 1996. In: Kunstforum International 133: 98-112). Diese Art der posthumanistischen Vorstellung der Überwindung des menschlichen Körpers eröffnet demnach interdisziplinäre Diskussionen, welche u.a. in der Kulturwissenschaft und der Philosophie ausgetragen werden.
To understand These kinds of theories, I will explain the concepts of 'the post and transhumanism and compared, and the relationship of these philosophies on the human body in the age of Cyber \u200b\u200bSpace discuss.
The term post-humanism was used while already in the 17th century by Thomas Blount, has been introduced in the current understanding for the first time in 1977 by Ihab Hassan. Even in science fiction literature of the time was the concept and the related idea of \u200b\u200bthe human being as a conventional one to leave behind, and the creation of a post-human ("POSTHUMAN") form of life in 1979 with Bruce Sterling appeal.
The theses and considerations (including by Moravec) developed in this context, more and more towards the future of the people in overcoming the natural and organic body. This resulted in the establishment of the concept of post-humanism for this kind of philosophical utopias result. Although a general consensus on the name of the speech can be, it is difficult to formulate a concrete definition of the term, which integrates all the various trends. This may relate to the Interdiziplinarität of dealing with this field be scientists and theorists. After Katherine Hayles
the nature of post-humanism as is the assumption that the "patterns of information" constitutes a human and not his biological body. Thus, they distanced themselves from the theories that provide the people with his intelligent, despite his lack of body over the machine. This denial of a special position of the human species can be found in other theorists.
Jens Schröter summarizes further definition of the word. He counts all the post-humanism, which settle at the interface between the technical vision of change (and improvement?) Of the human body through biotechnology and genetic engineering and the utopian ideas of biomechanical cyborgs fits.
The target, however, generally see all the post-humanists to overcome the human body, to achieve an "immortal [s] existence in the virtual reality" (ibid: 134).
the focus "of the trans-humanist" is held to overcome the body, the extension of life, and to improving the mental and physical capabilities of man. As a goal, could achieve an immortality of man by technology, and improve human performance and formulate the general living conditions.
(There are many different trends and boundaries within the Trans-humanism blast their discussion are out of context would, so I will stay at this broad level.)
Oliver Krueger border post carefully against transhumanism from each other by saying: "The Post humanism, formulated the aim and transhumanism the way "(ibid: 135) and describes hereby flowing Boundaries between the two philosophies. The
transhumanism tries to humans as long as possible to get to improve it and expand it so as to make the subject of research and development. The post-humanism, however, distanced itself further from the natural man and the anthropocentrism of the Trans-humanists. You try using advanced artificial intelligence and robotics, the evolution to drive to in the last instance the man as he is now overcome.
"Whether the transhumanism should be seen as a special type of post-humanism, or whether they are two different cultural traditions is" (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanismus [06/02/2011]) is It still negotiate. To say, however, is that they both agree in their assumption that man has reached the zenith of its evolutionary development and may persist in its purely biological nature, not in the increasingly technological world.
I think the post as the transhumanists are in their attitude too Gnostic. Go permanently from the deficiency of the human body, have its limits and even go so far as to hold a human life completely without a body in cyberspace possible or even desirable. The body is outlined as a prison of the true man. But that is not pure science fiction?
I do not belong to the group of objectors medicine, gene and prosthetic technology, reject or refuse life-sustaining measures. The demographic development of the last 100 years, I believe is a testament to the positive aspects of the trans-human research approaches.
Yet go I think the post-and trans-humanists in their Technikglorifizierung too far. The complete abandonment of the body called already "Stanislaw Lem 1964 as>> a strange form of euthanasia, something of a pleasant civilizational suicide" (ibid: 141 Cited by: Stanislaw Lem: Summa Technologiae (1981): p. 340) . I agree.
From the side of science is found primarily on the techniques of trans-humanist criticism. They plead for a kind of liberal society in which everyone the same opportunities should be given to social justice. Argument, this is so backed up that such a society today, if any, of a biologically superior elite would be conducted. This leads to social inequality, which applies to eradicate it by example, each techniques would be made available "which would allow, for example, align the intellectual capacities upwards" (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Transhumanism [06/02/2011]). In this way, could, if the theory part, have everyone on the same level in society. Also, this line of argument I do not think is totally wrong, but even for ethically questionable. What would be the next step when you would start the human IQ, "align"? And who determines or believes to be entitled to determine to who is allowed to increase his mental capacity and those who already own a sufficient extent? Another point that comes to criticism, the "supposed" improvement "of selected features" is. This discourse is in the same direction. The subjectivity of such an approach is obvious.
Especially the transhumanist approaches in genomics and embryonic selection can always reviews are loud, the fear herein eugenic traits. Even if the transhumanism does not want to see it and calls for an improvement of the people and their circumstances, ethical criticism, in this context always loud.
Finally I can say that I think the fantasies of post-transhumanitischen and theoreticians for utopias. Although, especially in the areas where the human body actually meets its limits (such as after accidents, serious and chronic diseases, etc.) already remarkable progress has been made, but I see a future for quite impossible without the people!
Sources:
Hasselmann, Kristiane Schmidt, Sandra, Cornelia, Zumbusch (ed) 2004: Utopian body. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
Krüger, Oliver 2004: Gnosis in Cyberspace? The body of the post-utopian humanism. In: Hasselmann, Kristiane Schmidt, Sandra, Cornelia, Zumbusch (ed) 2004: Utopian body. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanismus
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismus
Ein Merkmal der postmodernen Philosophy is the assertion that the body or even disappear the senses.
Baudrillard, for example, in "The Illusion and the virtual world" written on how our bodies in times of "media Reproduction" is changing, though not completely disappear. In the course of such investigations and has been called into question the reality of our physical existence or be weighed against their virtual images. So wrote the philosopher Slavoj Zizek: "We live in a society of coffee without caffeine, chocolate, no sugar and virtual reality as a reality without reality" (here: Hasselmann / Schmidt / Zumbasch (ed.) 2004: 131 cited from Broadcasting House calls (WDR5) with Oskar Negt and Slavoj Zizek of 20.09.2001).
As part of this and similar discourses and the changes of the body through genetic, prosthetic and negotiates / or biotechnology. carried to extremes, they are by the idea of the purely virtual humans as in the research of robotics (such as Hans Moravec) or other post-humanist scenarios. Moravec even spoke of a ">> liberation <<>> carnal envelope <<“ (Ebd. Zit nach Moravec: „Körper, Roboter, Geist“ 1996. In: Kunstforum International 133: 98-112). Diese Art der posthumanistischen Vorstellung der Überwindung des menschlichen Körpers eröffnet demnach interdisziplinäre Diskussionen, welche u.a. in der Kulturwissenschaft und der Philosophie ausgetragen werden.
To understand These kinds of theories, I will explain the concepts of 'the post and transhumanism and compared, and the relationship of these philosophies on the human body in the age of Cyber \u200b\u200bSpace discuss.
The term post-humanism was used while already in the 17th century by Thomas Blount, has been introduced in the current understanding for the first time in 1977 by Ihab Hassan. Even in science fiction literature of the time was the concept and the related idea of \u200b\u200bthe human being as a conventional one to leave behind, and the creation of a post-human ("POSTHUMAN") form of life in 1979 with Bruce Sterling appeal.
The theses and considerations (including by Moravec) developed in this context, more and more towards the future of the people in overcoming the natural and organic body. This resulted in the establishment of the concept of post-humanism for this kind of philosophical utopias result. Although a general consensus on the name of the speech can be, it is difficult to formulate a concrete definition of the term, which integrates all the various trends. This may relate to the Interdiziplinarität of dealing with this field be scientists and theorists. After Katherine Hayles
the nature of post-humanism as is the assumption that the "patterns of information" constitutes a human and not his biological body. Thus, they distanced themselves from the theories that provide the people with his intelligent, despite his lack of body over the machine. This denial of a special position of the human species can be found in other theorists.
Jens Schröter summarizes further definition of the word. He counts all the post-humanism, which settle at the interface between the technical vision of change (and improvement?) Of the human body through biotechnology and genetic engineering and the utopian ideas of biomechanical cyborgs fits.
The target, however, generally see all the post-humanists to overcome the human body, to achieve an "immortal [s] existence in the virtual reality" (ibid: 134).
the focus "of the trans-humanist" is held to overcome the body, the extension of life, and to improving the mental and physical capabilities of man. As a goal, could achieve an immortality of man by technology, and improve human performance and formulate the general living conditions.
(There are many different trends and boundaries within the Trans-humanism blast their discussion are out of context would, so I will stay at this broad level.)
Oliver Krueger border post carefully against transhumanism from each other by saying: "The Post humanism, formulated the aim and transhumanism the way "(ibid: 135) and describes hereby flowing Boundaries between the two philosophies. The
transhumanism tries to humans as long as possible to get to improve it and expand it so as to make the subject of research and development. The post-humanism, however, distanced itself further from the natural man and the anthropocentrism of the Trans-humanists. You try using advanced artificial intelligence and robotics, the evolution to drive to in the last instance the man as he is now overcome.
"Whether the transhumanism should be seen as a special type of post-humanism, or whether they are two different cultural traditions is" (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanismus [06/02/2011]) is It still negotiate. To say, however, is that they both agree in their assumption that man has reached the zenith of its evolutionary development and may persist in its purely biological nature, not in the increasingly technological world.
I think the post as the transhumanists are in their attitude too Gnostic. Go permanently from the deficiency of the human body, have its limits and even go so far as to hold a human life completely without a body in cyberspace possible or even desirable. The body is outlined as a prison of the true man. But that is not pure science fiction?
I do not belong to the group of objectors medicine, gene and prosthetic technology, reject or refuse life-sustaining measures. The demographic development of the last 100 years, I believe is a testament to the positive aspects of the trans-human research approaches.
Yet go I think the post-and trans-humanists in their Technikglorifizierung too far. The complete abandonment of the body called already "Stanislaw Lem 1964 as>> a strange form of euthanasia, something of a pleasant civilizational suicide" (ibid: 141 Cited by: Stanislaw Lem: Summa Technologiae (1981): p. 340) . I agree.
From the side of science is found primarily on the techniques of trans-humanist criticism. They plead for a kind of liberal society in which everyone the same opportunities should be given to social justice. Argument, this is so backed up that such a society today, if any, of a biologically superior elite would be conducted. This leads to social inequality, which applies to eradicate it by example, each techniques would be made available "which would allow, for example, align the intellectual capacities upwards" (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Transhumanism [06/02/2011]). In this way, could, if the theory part, have everyone on the same level in society. Also, this line of argument I do not think is totally wrong, but even for ethically questionable. What would be the next step when you would start the human IQ, "align"? And who determines or believes to be entitled to determine to who is allowed to increase his mental capacity and those who already own a sufficient extent? Another point that comes to criticism, the "supposed" improvement "of selected features" is. This discourse is in the same direction. The subjectivity of such an approach is obvious.
Especially the transhumanist approaches in genomics and embryonic selection can always reviews are loud, the fear herein eugenic traits. Even if the transhumanism does not want to see it and calls for an improvement of the people and their circumstances, ethical criticism, in this context always loud.
Finally I can say that I think the fantasies of post-transhumanitischen and theoreticians for utopias. Although, especially in the areas where the human body actually meets its limits (such as after accidents, serious and chronic diseases, etc.) already remarkable progress has been made, but I see a future for quite impossible without the people!
Sources:
Hasselmann, Kristiane Schmidt, Sandra, Cornelia, Zumbusch (ed) 2004: Utopian body. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
Krüger, Oliver 2004: Gnosis in Cyberspace? The body of the post-utopian humanism. In: Hasselmann, Kristiane Schmidt, Sandra, Cornelia, Zumbusch (ed) 2004: Utopian body. Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanismus
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanismus
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